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Reference Style Guide
The Cadmus formatting style for citations and references is based exclusively on the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS), Notes and Bibliography (NB) system. The Author-Date system is not used.
If you have any questions regarding the reference formatting. You may also download a pdf copy of the Reference style Guide from here
Reference Styles
Footnotes, endnotes, and a bibliography are permitted, with distinct functions:
- Footnotes are used for explanatory or descriptive commentary that does not cite a source.
- Endnotes are used to cite sources.
- Bibliography lists references that support the article’s overall argument or provide general context.
A bibliography is optional if all sources cited in the article are fully documented in the endnotes.
Placement of Notes:
Notes (footnotes or endnotes) should appear at the end of a sentence, following all punctuation. CMOS discourages placing notes mid-sentence and permits this practice only when absolutely necessary. Multiple sources may be cited within a single note, separated by semicolons.
Subsequent Citations:
Shortened Notes (Author's Last Name, Short Title, Page Number) must be used for all subsequent citations of a work after its first full citation.
Ibid. is used to refer to the source cited in the immediately preceding note.
For a complete list of samples, refer to the Official CMOS guide https://www.chicagomnualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-1.html
Sample Citations of Notes
Use the same format for both endnotes and footnotes. The following examples illustrate the notes system
BOOKS/ REPORTS
For a book with single author
Format:
Author name, Title of the Book (Publisher’s City: Publisher, Year), page range (optional)
Example:
Adam Smith, The Wealth Of Nations (London: W. Strahan and T. Cadell, 1776), 94-96
For a book with multiple authors
For a book with two authors, cite both the authors.
Format:
Author 1 and Author 2, Title of the Book (Publisher’s City: Publisher, Year), page range (optional)
Example:
Orio Giarini and Walter Stahel, The Limits To Certainty(Dordrecht/Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993), xv
For 4 or more authors cite only the name of the first-listed author, followed by et al.
Format:
Author 1 et al., Title of the Book (Publisher’s City: Publisher, Year), page range (optional)
Example:
Richard Baldwin et al., Economic Geography and Public Policy(Princeton: Princeton UP, 2003)
For a book with an editor or translator in addition to the author:
Format:
Author name, Title of the Book, trans. / ed. Translator’s/ Editor’s name(Publisher’s City: Publisher, Year), page range (optional)
Example:
Gabriel García Márquez, Love in the Time of Cholera, trans. Edith Grossman (London: Cape, 1988), 242–55
For a book with an editor in place of an author
A book with an editor in place of an author includes the abbreviation ed. (for more than one editor, use eds.). Two or more editors are separated by ‘and’; in the case of four or more editors, the name of the first editor is mentioned followed by et al.
Format:
Editor, ed., Title of the Book (Publisher’s City: Publisher, Year), page range (optional)
Example:
Joel Greenberg, ed., Of Prairie, Woods, and Water: Two Centuries of Chicago Nature Writing (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 42
Citing a chapter of a book
When citing a chapter or similar part of an edited book, include the chapter title in quotation marks; and the editor. Precede the title of the book with in.
Format:
Author name, “Chapter of the book,” in Title of the Book, ed. Editor name (Publisher’s city: Publisher, Year), page range (optional)
Example:
Glenn Gould, “Streisand as Schwarzkopf,” in The Glenn Gould Reader, ed. Tim Page (New York: Vintage, 1984), 310
Journal Article
For a single author
The URL may or may not be provided in the citation.
Format:
Author name, “Title of the article,” Journal Name Volume, no. Issue (Year): page range. URL (optional)
Example:
Amartya Sen, “Elements of a Theory of Human Rights,” Philosophy and Public Affairs32, no. 4 (2004): 315. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1088-4963.2004.00017.x/abstract
For a journal article with Multiple authors
Author names are separated by ‘and’ for two or more authors. For 4 or more authors cite only the name of the first-listed author, followed by et al., as used for books.
Magazine/ Newspaper Articles
The URL of the magazine/newspaper article is optional.
Format:
Author name, “Title of the Article” Newspaper/Magazine Name, Date published URL (optional)
Example:
Thomas Friedman, “The Start-Up of You,” The New York Times, 12th July 2011 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/13/opinion/13friedman.html
Website pages/ articles
Format:
“Title of the Article,” Name of the Website URL
Example:
“Google Privacy Policy,” Googlehttp://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html
The author names, if applicable, are added before the title of the page/article as used for books and journals.
Graphic representation of data derived from a data set / data bank
When a figure (graph, map, chart, etc.) or table is generated/created from a data set/data bank available online, use the following to reference the data set.
Format:
Databank, Dataset used. Retrieved from url
Example:
World Development Indicators and Global Development Finance, The World Bank, Household Final Consumption Expenditure. Retrieved From http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do
When a table/figure is reprinted from a journal article/ book, the endnote format should be
Adapted [or Reprinted] with permission from Author name(s), Book or journal formatting style as used for books or journals.
Refer to the Author Guidelines for detailed information on reproducing already published material.
Citation
The notes, whether footnotes or endnotes, are usually numbered and correspond to superscripted note reference numbers in the text. Citations in manuscripts should be presented as ordinary text, stripped of any of the underlying codes (e.g., fields or hyperlinks) used in creating or organizing them.
Citations plus commentary
Format:
Author, Book/Journal, Comments
Example:
Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, act 3, sc. 1. Caesar’s claim of constancy should be taken with a grain of salt.